What do sf 36 scores mean

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J Phys Ther Sci ; 27 : — It can be self-administered, or administered via interview, telephone, or computer. The SF takes 5 minutes or less to complete Nemeth, The SF-8, a new generic eight-item assessment, generates a health profile consisting of eight scales and two summary measures describing HRQOL.

The SF-8 uses one question to measure each of the eight SF domains. The SF-8 Health Survey can be self-administered, computer-administered, or given by a trained interviewer in person or by telephone to persons aged 14 and older. It takes approximately minutes to complete and it has been translated and validated for use in more than 30 countries for a list of these countries, click on this list accessed July 12, Good reliability Reliability can be defined in a variety of ways.

It is generally understood to be the extent to which a measure is stable or consistent and produces similar results when administered repeatedly. The total variation in any given score may be thought of as consisting of true variation the variation of interest and error variation which includes random error as well as systematic error. True variation is that variation which actually reflects differences in the construct under study, e.

Systematic error refers to bias that influences scores in a specific direction in a fairly consistent way, e. There are many variations on the measurement of reliability including alternate-forms, internal consistency , inter-rater agreement , intra-rater agreement , and test-retest.

More , however, its suitability in this patient population has been contentious:. The SF is available in a number of languages. In , the International Quality of Life Assessment launched a project aimed at translating, validating and norming the SF health survey. There are more than publications that use translations or English-language adaptations of the SF For information about the availability of SF translations, visit www. Test-retest: Out of the five studies examining test-retest reliability A way of estimating the reliability of a scale in which individuals are administered the same scale on two different occasions and then the two scores are assessed for consistency.

This method of evaluating reliability is appropriate only if the phenomenon that the scale measures is known to be stable over the interval between assessments. If the phenomenon being measured fluctuates substantially over time, then the test-retest paradigm may significantly underestimate reliability.

In using test-retest reliability, the investigator needs to take into account the possibility of practice effects, which can artificially inflate the estimate of reliability National Multiple Sclerosis Society. One study reported adequate test-retest reliability A way of estimating the reliability of a scale in which individuals are administered the same scale on two different occasions and then the two scores are assessed for consistency.

One reported poor to excellent test-retest reliability A way of estimating the reliability of a scale in which individuals are administered the same scale on two different occasions and then the two scores are assessed for consistency. Inter-rater: No studies have examined the inter-rater reliability A method of measuring reliability.

Inter-rater reliability determines the extent to which two or more raters obtain the same result when using the same instrument to measure a concept. Validity The degree to which an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure. Criterion: Predictive: Subscales of the SF have been found to be predictive of death, hospitalizations, physician visits, and the burden of depression Illness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things.

A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood or a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be wished away. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people with depression. Construct: Convergent: Adequate correlations between the SF Physical Health subscale Many measurement instruments are multidimensional and are designed to measure more than one construct or more than one domain of a single construct.

Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function. Excellent correlation The extent to which two or more variables are associated with one another. A correlation can be positive as one variable increases, the other also increases — for example height and weight typically represent a positive correlation or negative as one variable increases, the other decreases — for example as the cost of gasoline goes higher, the number of miles driven decreases.

There are a wide variety of methods for measuring correlation including: intraclass correlation coefficients ICC , the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and the Spearman rank-order correlation. Scale; the Vitality subscale Many measurement instruments are multidimensional and are designed to measure more than one construct or more than one domain of a single construct.

More and their age and gender matched controls. Does the tool detect change in patients? Out of 3 studies examined, 1 reported that the SF had a large ability to detect change, 1 reported moderate to large ability to detect change, except for the Social Functioning and Mental Health dimensions which both had small effect sizes ; 1 reported small Role Limitations-Emotional, Mental component summary score to large Bodily Pain, Physical component summary score ability to detect change.

Extensive psychometric testing has been conducted on the SF However, little research has been conducted specifically in a post-stroke population. For the purposes of this review, we conducted a literature search to identify all relevant publications on the psychometric properties of the SF We then selected to review articles from high impact journals, and from a variety of authors. The creators of the SF have performed many of the psychometric studies that exist on the survey, however, we preferentially reviewed studies carried out by other authors who were not implicated in the development of the SF More Impact Scale characterizes physical functioning , the SF Physical Functioning subscale Many measurement instruments are multidimensional and are designed to measure more than one construct or more than one domain of a single construct.

More Impact Scale-Participation characterizes social functioning , the SF Social Functioning subscale Many measurement instruments are multidimensional and are designed to measure more than one construct or more than one domain of a single construct.

Anderson et al. More survivors. The validity The degree to which an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure. Brazier et al. Patients were administered the scales at baseline and again six months later. Notable floor effects were observed for the Role Limitations-Physical Notable ceiling effects were also observed for the Role Limitations-Emotional Weinberger, Oddone, Samsa and Landsm administered the SF three times over a 4-week period to veterans receiving care in a General Medicine Clinic.

Telephone, face-to-face, and self-administration modes of administering the SF were compared. For face-to-face administration of the SF, notable floor effects were observed for the Role Limitations-Physical Notable ceiling effects were observed for the Social Functioning For telephone administration, significant floor effects were observed for the Role Limitations-Physical Significant ceiling effects were observed for the Role Limitations-Emotional Self-administration of the SF resulted in significant floor effects for the Role Limitations-Physical Further, notable ceiling effects were observed for the Social Functioning Walters, Munro and Brazier administered the SF to a community-dwelling population over the age of Substantial floor Andresen, Gwendell, Gravitt, Aydelotte, and Podgorski administered the SF to 97 nursing home residents and reported substantial floor effects of Substantial ceiling effects of Reliability Reliability can be defined in a variety of ways.

Internal consistency reflects the extent to which items of a test measure various aspects of the same characteristic and nothing else. Internal consistency coefficients can take on values from 0 to 1. Higher values represent higher levels of internal consistency.

Social Functioning may sometimes be lower due to the fact that there are fewer items only 2 items in the subscale Many measurement instruments are multidimensional and are designed to measure more than one construct or more than one domain of a single construct. Test-retest reliability A way of estimating the reliability of a scale in which individuals are administered the same scale on two different occasions and then the two scores are assessed for consistency.

For the internal consistency A method of measuring reliability. To identify the Test-retest reliability A way of estimating the reliability of a scale in which individuals are administered the same scale on two different occasions and then the two scores are assessed for consistency.

More and validity The degree to which an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure. In the case of the Social Functioning dimension, the results were considered acceptable due to the small number of items 2 items using a 5-point scale. Jenkinson, Wright and Coulter mailed the SF to 13, randomly selected subjects between the ages of years. The internal consistency A method of measuring reliability.

More of the SF was found range from adequate to excellent alpha ranged from 0. More was then calculated by breaking the data down into five subgroups of overall self-rated general health poor, fair, good, very good, excellent. All alpha values were adequate, exceeding 0. Due to the small number of items in this domain this result is considered acceptable. These results suggest that the SF has only adequate Test-retest reliability A way of estimating the reliability of a scale in which individuals are administered the same scale on two different occasions and then the two scores are assessed for consistency.

Brazier et al also examined the internal consistency A method of measuring reliability. More of the SF and reported excellent internal consistency A method of measuring reliability. More for the subscales Social Functioning 0. Test-retest intraclass correlation The extent to which two or more variables are associated with one another. The scales of the SF yielded internal consistency A method of measuring reliability. Walters, Munro and Brazier reported excellent internal consistency A method of measuring reliability.

McHorney, Ware and Sherbourne evaluated data from 3, patients from the Medical Outcomes Study MOS and replicated data across 24 subgroups differing in socio-demographic characteristics, diagnosis, and disease severity.

Across patient groups, all scales passed tests for item- internal consistency A method of measuring reliability. Weinberger et al. All patients were asked to complete the SF three times over a 4-week period. Hagen, Bugge, and Alexander examined the Reliability Reliability can be defined in a variety of ways. More onset. Dorman et al. More of the SF was excellent ranging from 0. More , the level of test re-test Reliability Reliability can be defined in a variety of ways.

More populations indicates that the SF may not be adequate for serial assessments of individual patients, unless large differences over time are expected. Thus, the SF should be used for large group comparisons only. Furthermore, Test-retest reliability A way of estimating the reliability of a scale in which individuals are administered the same scale on two different occasions and then the two scores are assessed for consistency. More survivors, the subjective nature of the SF may make proxy use difficult or even inadvisable.

Hobart, Williams, Moran and Thompson argue that the SF has limited Reliability Reliability can be defined in a variety of ways. Discriminant validity examines the extent to which a measure correlates with measures of attributes that are different from the attribute the measure is intended to assess. However, de Haan argues that Hobart et al.

The Reliability Reliability can be defined in a variety of ways. Although it is often recommended that coefficient values should be above 0. Anderson, Laubscheret and Burns administered the Australian version of the SF to 90 individuals at one-year post-stroke.

The authors concluded that the SF has satisfactory internal consistency A method of measuring reliability. More , however alphas ranged from 0. More to 0. The General Health Perceptions subscale Many measurement instruments are multidimensional and are designed to measure more than one construct or more than one domain of a single construct. Baseline Physical Functioning, Role Limitations-physical, and Pain subscales were most predictive of hospitalizations.

Moreover, Pain, General Health and Vitality subscales were most predictive of physician visits. These results suggest that the SF is useful for estimating the burden of depression Illness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. Rumsfeld et al. The physical component summary of the preoperative SF was found to be a statistically significant risk factor for 6-month mortality following CABG surgery.

In multivariate analysis, a point lower SF physical component summary score had an odds ratio OR of 1. Thus, preoperative patient self-report of the physical component of the SF health status may be helpful for risk stratification and clinical decision making for patients undergoing CABG surgery.

Walters et al. For some attributes, no gold standard exists. In the absence of a gold standard , construct validation occurs, where theories about the attribute of interest are formed, and then the extent to which the measure under investigation provides results that are consistent with these theories are assessed.

Scores in all scales were reported to decrease as age increased. Women reported worse health than men on all scales even after adjusting for age. Respondents who had recently visited their physician reported poorer health on all scales and people living alone had lower scores except on general health.

Ware, Kosinski, and Keller examined the construct validity Reflects the ability of an instrument to measure an abstract concept, or construct. Wilkinson et al. Rank correlation The extent to which two or more variables are associated with one another. In other words, convergent validity is used to evaluate the degree to which two or more measures that theoretically should be related to each other are, in fact, observed to be related to each other.

Andresen et al administered the SF, the Geriatric depression Illness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things.

Scale and the Mini-Mental State Examination to 97 nursing home residents. Activities As defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual.

Convergent validity A type of validity that is determined by hypothesizing and examining the overlap between two or more tests that presumably measure the same construct. These correlations are negative because a high score on the SF indicates positive health status, whereas a high score on the Activities As defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual.

Physical health scores from the SF correlated more strongly with Geriatric depression Illness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things.

Scale scores than Activities As defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. However, the Role Limitations-Physical subscale Many measurement instruments are multidimensional and are designed to measure more than one construct or more than one domain of a single construct. Social Functioning, Role Limitations-Emotional, Vitality and Mental Health subscales all correlated more strongly with Geriatric depression Illness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things.

Correlations between dimensions less clearly related ranged form These correlations are negative because a high score on the SF indicates positive health status, whereas a high score on the Nottingham Health Profile indicates poorer perceived health status. Dorman et al reported that the SF Physical Functioning subscale Many measurement instruments are multidimensional and are designed to measure more than one construct or more than one domain of a single construct.

SF Bodily Pain subscale Many measurement instruments are multidimensional and are designed to measure more than one construct or more than one domain of a single construct. The SF Mental Health subscale Many measurement instruments are multidimensional and are designed to measure more than one construct or more than one domain of a single construct. The SF General Health subscale Many measurement instruments are multidimensional and are designed to measure more than one construct or more than one domain of a single construct.

The SF scores were distributed as expected for sex, age, social class and use of health services Brazier et al. Table 2 shows that these two recoded items should be averaged together to form the social functioning scale. If the respondent is missing one of the two items, the person's score will be equal to that of the non-missing item.

Table 3 presents information on the reliability, central tendency, and variability of the scales scored using this method. References Ware, J. Medical Care , , Hays, R. Steward, A. Ware eds.